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TRIN-GYI-PHO-NYA: Tibet's Environment & Development
Digest
Issue 4, January 12, 2004
I. Editorial: Let the Brahmaputra Flow
II. Fear and Pain Haunt a Climate of Change, by Ray Cheung
III. The Mustang Project, by Antonia Shouse
IV. News-in-Brief
V. Announcements
I. Let the Brahmaputra Flow
Editorial
India finally expressed concern over China’s plans to divert the Brahmaputra River. In November 2003, several Indian news reports carried a story that the Indian state of Assam’s Union Ministry of Water Resources asked their foreign affairs counterparts “to seek factual details” about the project. India’s concerns became real after China’s official news agency, Xinhua, confirmed China’s intentions. According to Xinhua, preliminary studies of the water diversion project were conducted at the proposed construction site in mid-2003, followed by another round of feasibility studies in October. It would not be surprising if China denies having such plans, as did Tibet Autonomous Region’s Chairman, Xiang Ba Ping Cuo, at a press conference last August.
Construction of this mammoth multi-purpose project is tentatively scheduled to start in 2009. The main structures are planned in Tibetan areas of Pema Koe, near India’s northeastern border. The area is also known as the “Great Bend” of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Tibetan name for Brahmaputra) where the river takes a sharp U-turn to enter into India. At the Great Bend, the Tsangpo River descends over 3,000 meters in approximately 200 km, constituting one of the greatest hydropower potentials anywhere in the world. China hopes to build a hydroelectric plant there that would generate twice the electricity produced by the Three Gorges Dam, currently the world’s largest dam. Plans also include diverting the waters thousands of kilometers across the Tibetan Plateau to the “thirsty” northwestern parts of China, into the provinces of Xinjiang and Gansu.
If undertaken, the project is bound to raise some serious transboundary issues. Claude Arpi, a Tibet-China-India analyst, called the project “a declaration of war” by China. “When it comes to a transboundary question, where the boundary is not even agreed upon, it seems practically impossible to find a workable understanding,” Arpi said. In addition to border disputes, the project would make India and Bangladesh dependent on China for release of water during the dry season, and for protection from floods during the wet season. Not to mention the adverse impacts on the millions of people living downstream when nutrient rich sediments and fish will be blocked by the dam. Arpi believes the most serious issue to be the fact that the Great Bend area is located in a highly earthquake prone area. “A huge reservoir and a few PNEs [“Peaceful Nuclear Explosions,” as proposed by Chinese scientists to make tunnels through the Himalayas for the project] could provoke new earthquakes even more devastating than in August 1950 when thousands died.”
Such massive water control projects are clearly a state (central government) undertaking--without the economic and political support of the state, these projects cannot proceed. Unfortunately, and often ironically, national leaders prefer to marvel at their engineering accomplishments in controlling nature to serve economic development rather than addressing issues of transboundary and socio-environmental responsibilities. In fact, China’s plan to divert the Brahmaputra would impair India’s own plan to link approximately thirty of its own rivers, a project that is bound to affect the downstream riparian state of Bangladesh.
Such international transboundary river development projects raise many important issues--from the comparative importance of national economic development to issues of social justice, from the primacy of territorial sovereignty to the merits of international cooperation. As important as these intractable topics of debate are, policy makers ought not to forget the real issue--the concern expressed by the affected people. After all, states exist to provide material and physical security to the people. The goal of development policies should be to benefit the people first, not powerful interest groups like corrupt bureaucracies and businesses.
While the Brahmaputra Diversion Plan will bring sizeable benefits to
China in the form of construction jobs, electricity, and water for the
“thirsty north,” the price that the affected people and the
environment must pay is clearly unacceptable. For the local Tibetans,
the project is an imposition on their land and their birthright by the
occupying Chinese government. The beneficiaries of the project are “foreigners”
while "locals" are made to bear its price. If China is genuinely
committed to human rights and sustainable development as it claims to
be, then the Brahmaputra Diversion Plan should not be undertaken.
II. Fear and Pain Haunt a Climate of Change, by Ray Cheung
>From South China Morning Post, December 22, 2003
Tibetan yak and sheep herder Drugtop does not know much about the science of climate change but certainly knows all about its consequences. He knows that in the coming spring his nomadic life under the wide blue skies on the grasslands fringing Zhaling Lake (Doring Tso in Tibetan) in central Qinghai (Amdo area of historical Tibet) Province's Madoi (also spelled “Matoe”) county will be changed forever. Local government officials have told him he has to drastically cut his herd of 150 yaks and flock of 600 sheep and leave the land that his forefathers have survived on for centuries. The action is being forced on Drugtop because he lives and grazes his animals in a special environmental protection zone within the Three Rivers Sources region of the Tibetan Plateau.
An average of 4,000 metres above sea level, the area is dotted with valleys and snow-capped mountains and the 318,000 sq km of grasslands are the origin of the nation's most crucial waterways - the Yellow, Yangtze and Lancang rivers (Machu, Drichu and Zachu in Tibetan). Although the (Chinese) government's relocation message has been unofficial, Drugtop recognises the inevitability. But despite promises of subsidies and better grazing lands, he is worried. "I don't want to go. This is our home but we know we have no choice. The move is to protect the land," said the thirtysomething herder as his wife poured yak butter tea and his three year-old daughter played in their white maikhan, a traditional Tibetan tent. The three are dressed in traditional Tibetan robes. Outside sits the only sign of modernity - a new motorcycle used instead of a horse to move the stock.
Drugtop's predicament is representative of the fate of nearly 100,000 mostly ethnic Tibetan herders who live within the Three Rivers Source region, an area that has changed drastically over the past few decades. Rainfall levels have dropped and temperatures risen, leading scientists to believe global climate change is responsible. Combined with the increasing human population and over-grazing by animals, the new weather patterns have broken the region's fragile ecological balance.
In Drugtop's home county of Madoi alone, scientists have found that over
the past 10 years half its 4,000 lakes have disappeared and around 70
per cent of its 1.6 million hectares of grassland have receded to become
desert. Rivers are being devastated and scientists have estimated water
flow in the upper reaches of the Yellow river alone has dropped 9.8 cubic
metres per second a decade over the past 40 years. The deterioration poses
not only an environmental crisis but also a social stability issue. The
region historically provides around a half of the Yellow river and a fifth
of the Yangtze river's water flow. The two rivers together are the main
water source for more than 500 million people.
For the area's residents, the pain is more palpable than ever. "It
used to rain 15 to 20 times a year. Now, it's only three to four times,"
said Yangke, a 55 year-old Tibetan sheep herder as his 200 sheep drink
from a government-built well in the Tanggarmo area. "The grass is
no longer good and there is little water," he said as a cold wind
whipped up sand from the impoverished ground.
Around 400km to the south in Huashixia county, 57 year-old herder Jielu said that the dry grass no longer adequately sustained his 200 sheep. "People don't want to buy skinny sheep. My sheep can only be sold at one-fourth of the price for fat sheep" he explained in front of his wife, nephew and four nieces as he lay on a mat inside his maikhan. Herders said a fat cow could sell for as much as 3,000 yuan while a good sheep could go for 400 yuan. Because of poor grass, the herder said his annual income had dropped from 20,000 to 3,000 yuan in the past few years. To help feed his family, the government provides a monthly subsidy of 25kg of flour. But the authorities are doing more than building wells and handing out food. With the central government set to provide 2.5 billion yuan, they will reduce the number of herders and livestock within the special Three Rivers Source protection zone.
According to people familiar with the plan, the region will be divided into five management districts with 25 special environmental protection zones. Under each zone, local authorities will implement specific measures, including relocating herders to new grasslands, reducing livestock numbers to subsistence levels, plus paying cash subsidies. Interestingly, authorities are consulting herders and community groups about the details of the plan, something unheard of in past relocation schemes. Local cadres recently took Drugtop to the grasslands in nearby Golmud county to see if the area was suitable for his family.
In southern Qinghai's Yushu county, the Snowland Great Rivers Environmental Protection Association assessed herders' opinions and then provided suggestions to the government. The association's Tibetan founder, Haxi Zhaxi Duojie, said the local officials, who are also mostly Tibetan, welcomed his efforts. "Our work is to ensure that Tibetan people and culture are the foundation of any protection plan."
Despite these apparent enlightened efforts, the huge plan faces resistance. Herders are worried about losing their incomes once they move. In many cases, the promised subsidies will cover only a fraction of the losses. Drugtop, who has been promised an annual 1,600 yuan subsidy for each member of his family, currently earns around 10,000 yuan a year. Yangben, a Tibetan herder from Suzhi county who grazes his 1,000 head of sheep near Qinghai Lake (Tso Ngonpo in Tibetan), will have to cut his flock to 300 next year. While the government has promised him a subsidy, the amount has yet to be determined.
"Once we have fewer animals, we will have less money," said the herder who still rides a horse to direct his flock. But what worries people most is the impact on the region's lifestyle and culture. "Tibetans have lived here for thousands of years. Our traditions are based on respect and worship of nature. By taking the herders off the land, what is this going to do to our culture?" asked Haxi.
To placate such fears, the government has said in eight to ten years,
herders may be allowed to return to their homelands if the land has recovered.
But locals said such a prospect was not settling any nerves because the
majority believed the region's conditions would only worsen. Regardless
of the plight of these people, the land's worsening conditions have forced
the government to act, no matter what controversies remain.
III. The Mustang Project
by Antonia Shouse
Landing in Mustang is exhilarating, the brisk high altitude, the beauty of the snow covered mountains against a vast stark high desert panorama. There are brightly caparisoned mule and yak trains loading up supplies, the men, women and children riding horses into town and a complete absence of cars, trucks and buses. Unfortunately, the people of Mustang are fleeing, remote village schools are emptying as children are sent to the lowlands for their education. Bright young parents are fleeing to Kathmandu, Tokyo, and New York City for a different dream – seeking for work to pay for those things the backpacker tourists so obviously have. The traditional trade routes are dead and the great Tibetan lamas are no longer passing through their villages invigorating monastic life en-route to pilgrimage in India.
The Musthang Project is geared towards re-invigorating this dying local culture. This project is a result of two years of discussions among the local people in their homes, and village and district-level open discussions. After living with the local people in lower Musthang for nearly two years, examining issues ranging from water quality, grassland degeneration, to cultural preservation, they decided that their children's Tibetan language education may well be central to their cultural survival.
On my arrival in 1999, the children told me, 'You have to speak to us in Nepali, we do not speak Tibetan.' I am happy to report today that the children now proudly speak their own language and study their own script. Working directly with local village committees, the Mustang Project placed young Tibetan teachers in four existing village schools, two nunneries and the the Traditional Medical School. Before our teachers arrived, these remote village schools offered no Tibetan language and culture lessons. School enrollment has been rising since the establishment of Tibetan language classes. Students are being brought back from schools in the plains to study Tibetan language at home in Musthang.
Our young capable teachers are the children and grandchildren of Tibetan refugees, and graduates from Tibetan refugee schools in Nepal and India. Their work in Musthang gives them the unique opportunity of experiencing their culture in its real milieu, while at the same time enabling them to support their families financially. Each teacher is paid $100 a month for twelve months plus medical expenses and one pair of hiking boots, as well as air fare and travel expenses from their homes to Jomsom, the Mustang capital district from which they begin walking to their assigned villages.
In the future, we would like to hire more Tibetan language teachers for more schools in the villages of Musthang. Schools without Tibetan teachers are slowly losing their students to private schools in the lowlands, this is a serious loss to Musthang as these children seldom return to live and contribute to their villages. From our experience, we know that adding even two teachers to the program next year will make a real difference to the lives of hundreds of Mustangwa’s, giving the community much needed hope for the future.
[Donations to the Mustang Project can be sent directly to the Ananda Fund, Fresno Free College Foundation, P.O. Box 4364 Fresno CA 93744 tele. 559-233-2221. On your checks please note that the funds are for the Musthang Project. The Fresno Free Foundation is registered with the IRS as a 501(c)(3).]
IV. NEWS IN BRIEF – November 2003 to January 12, 2004
1. Shuangjiangkou Dam Enters Preparatory Stage
(Sources: Sichuan Daily, Nov 4; China Power News Network, Nov 11; and
undisclosed sources)
Construction of the Shuangjiangkou (“confluence of two rivers” in Chinese) dam has entered its preparatory stage, according to the Sichuan Daily. The dam will be built approximately two kilometers from the point where Barkham county’s Kyomkyo River (Jiao-Muzu in Chinese) and Chuchen county’s Trokyab River (Chuosi-Jia in Chinese) merge into one, in the Ngawa Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The 1,800 MW dam will serve as an upstream regulatory dam for a series of 22 dams on Dadu River (Gyalrong Gyamo Ngulchu in Tibetan) that officially got approved for construction on November 3 by the Sichuan Provincial Planning Commission’s Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Designing Institute. Several of the 22 dams will be built in Tibetan areas of Trokyab, Tsodun, Drakpar, Kyomkyo, and Dampa in Chuchen and Barkham counties in the Ngawa Tibet Autonomous Prefecture. According to a source reporting from Dampa, local Tibetans who have been ordered to move away to make way for dams are “hopeful for compensations” and are “ambivalent” about their fate.
2. Farmers and Herders Relocated in Drive to Protect Golden Monkeys
(Source: Xinhua, November 17)
Farmers and herders have begun moving out of the Hongla Mountain Nature Reserve to make more living space for golden monkeys, a rare species of monkey found mostly in the high mountains of eastern Tibet, according to a Xinhua news article. “The Markham county government allocated over 20 million yuan (2.42 million US dollars) to relocate about 500 of over 800 households from the area, especially for golden monkeys, between March and October this year.” Such reports of forced relocation of Tibetan farmers and herders to serve Chinese environmental drives have been quite frequent recently. Often the farmers and herders are not willing to move and are unhappy with government compensations. In this case, Xinhua reports that “each household was given arable land and pastures as well as free daily necessities such as cooking pans, blankets and cupboards.”
3. Seminar: Use of Tibet’s Water Resources and Its Impacts on the
Indian Subcontinent
(Source: Environment and Development Desk, Tibetan Government-in-Exile)
A one-day seminar on the Use of Tibet’s Water Resources and Its impacts on the Indian Sub-continent, organized jointly by the Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Center and the Environment and Development Desk of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile was held in New Delhi on November 22, 2003. “Eight-speakers, are all water or environmental experts or activists [presented] their views, including Dr. B. G. Verghese from the Centre for Policy Research who authored the book Waters of Hope; Professor V. Subramanian from the Jawaharlal Nehru University’s School of Environmental Sciences; Mr. Rajendra Singh, a Magsaysay Awardee and the National President of Jal Biradari; Shri Sunder Lal Bahuguna, Chipko Movement; Major General (Retr.) Vinod Saighal, Director, EcoMonitor’s Society; Dr. Claude Arpi, Tibetologist and Environmental activist; Dr. Arun Kumar, Water Expert, and Ms. Tsering Yangchen, the Environment and Development Desk,” said an issued press statement. “A Resolution [text available online: http://www.tibet.net/flash/2003/1103/221103_1.html] calling for the protection of Tibet’s water resources was passed at the gathering. The resolution requests to countries which receive Tibet’s waters to start dialogue with the Chinese Government to readdress the harmful development projects in Tibet. It also calls upon the international organizations and various civil society groups to work towards promoting the ecology of Tibet.”
4. Traders Banned From Entering Tibet Autonomous Region
(Direct quote from December 05 2003 TIN News Digest)
“The International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) reports that, according to Nepalese and Tibetan businessmen from the region, Nepal has recently banned tr0aders from the TAR from entering its territory in the Solo Khumbu (Tibetan: Sharkumbu) region to conduct commerce and trade in contravention of a decade-old agreement of free cross-border movement. Nepalese authorities began enforcing a ban on traders from the TAR bringing their goods into Nepal in the Solu Khumbu region in protest at the continuing Chinese restrictions on Nepalese citizens travelling to the border towns of the TAR. TIN recently reported that Nepalese border and customs officials honour the 30-km travel zone available to Chinese and Tibetans wanting to visit Nepalese border towns of Khasa, Tatopani, and Khodari, but the Chinese side does not reciprocate. The ban in Solo Khumbu began on 22 November after a three-week ultimatum had been given to Tibetan traders in the region to return with their yak caravans across the border into the TAR. Nepalese Army units have diligently enforced the ban according to locals in Namche Bazaar. ‘Some held guns. Others hit us with sticks and shouted at us to go back home,’ a Tibetan trader from Tingri told the ICT.”
5. Two-thirds of Gormo-Lhasa Railway Complete
(Source: China Daily, December 12)
According to the China Daily, 21 out of 32 “key and tough projects along the railway” line have seen “fulfillment.” The total length of the completed tracks, according to the article, “has reached 347 kilometers, accounting for 30 percent of the railway’s total.”
6. Geothermal Project
(Quoted from People’s Daily, December 12)
“Geothermal power is a better option for electric power supply in [TAR] as the region is very short of oil and natural gas resources but abundant in geothermal resources, said experts. [TAR] accounts for over 80 percent of high-temperature geothermal resources nationwide. Geothermal energy development is not restricted by seasons and daily time changes as is hydraulic power, and is undertaken at lower cost compared with the use of wind and solar energy, said HuXiancai, president of the region's geothermal geological prospecting institute, Tuesday. [TAR] is home to 706 geothermal areas, more than 340 of which are exploitable and contain energy equal to 31.53 billion tons of coal, said Hu. So far, three geothermal power plants built in [TAR] have a combined installed capacity of 28.18 megawatts, with the plant in Yangbajian generating more than 100 million kwh of electricity a year.”
7. Chinese Environmental Activists Petition Against Dam Project
(Source: Yunnan Daily; China Daily)
According to China Daily, “62 environmental protection campaigners, including scientists, writers, journalists, singers and movie stars” signed a petition to protect the Salween River (Nujiang in Chinese) from dam projects early last November. Earlier in August, China’s State Development and Reform Committee approved a 21,320 MW capacity 13 dam cascade proposal for Salween development. One of the 13 dams, Songta, is located in Tibetan areas on the border of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan. Eight dams are located in Nujiang Ethnic Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province and 4 others in Baoshan Prefecture. It is reported that ethnic Tibetans also live in Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous county of Nujiang Prefecture. Chinese environmental activists want to protect what they consider as one of the last undeveloped rivers in China from dam projects. Construction sites include areas within the upper reaches of the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween Rivers that were added to the World Heritage List in July this year.
8. “China’s Policy on Mineral Resources”
(Direct quote from January 2, 2004 Tibet News Digest by Tibet Information
Network)
Xinhua reports the release of a document entitled “China's Policy on Mineral Resources” issued by the Information Office of the State council on 23 December 2003. The document describes the state of mineral resource exploration and outlines Beijing's policy for the future. Although Tibet and the Tibetan Autonomous region are rarely mentioned directly, references to the "western regions" throughout the document refer to the TAR and regions traditionally part of Tibet. Although the document confirms the abundance of minerals in the 'western regions' it points out that because of their location, fragile ecology and poor infrastructure, mineral exploitation is restricted, however, it goes on to state that exploration and exploitation of minerals will increase, especially of the "dominant minerals" and the minerals in short supply at "home". This relates to the fact, according to the document, that, "Of the country's 158 minerals with proven reserves, 138 are found in the 'western regions'."
9. Prostitution on the Rise Among Tibetans
(TIN News Update, December 31, 2003. Read: http://www.tibetinfo.net/news-updates/2003/3112.htm)
”Recent reports from Tibet indicate that an increasing number of Tibetan women from rural areas, particularly in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), are working as prostitutes. Though the fast growing sex trade is still dominated by Chinese sex workers, the number of Tibetan prostitutes, still marginal only a few years ago, has lately been on the rise… Although there are real prospects for Tibetan prostitutes to better their material lot, they benefit less from prostitution than Chinese sex workers in Tibet, and they face more social difficulties.”
“Virtually all Tibetan prostitutes come to the cities from villages or remote nomadic areas; in Central Tibet, a sizeable number also come from Kham and Amdo. They come into contact with prostitution while visiting entertainment establishments and turn to it themselves when other work possibilities do not materialise. The Nangma bars (a very popular Tibetan style of music venue) and karaoke clubs are the most common contact with prostitution, but many Tibetan sex workers also move to prostitution after working in beauty parlours.”
“There is … a high incidence of STDs, and health workers see a high risk of an HIV/AIDS epidemic developing in the TAR, but the participation of Tibetan prostitutes in STDs prevention campaigns in Tibet is much lower, since much more than the Chinese sex workers, they fear public 'outing' and following ostracism.”
10. Machu Headwaters “heavily polluted”
(Source: South China Morning Post, January 5, 2004)
According to Ren Jizhou, “a leading scientist” at the Chinese Academy of Engineering, water supplies for more than half of the population in 21 cities and districts in provinces including Xinjian, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, and Ningxia - did not meet government standards for industrial and agricultural use, let alone for drinking. “His findings were based on a water quality survey of the region's main supplies, including the Yellow (Machu in Tibetan), Wei and Shuli rivers … Mr Ren said the main culprits for the pollution were mining operations located on and near bodies of water. The rivers and streams carried dangerous levels of chemical and biological pollutants, such as ammonia, and heavy metals left over from gold mining. Sections of the Yellow river's watershed in Gansu were found to contain significant amounts of heavy metals.”
11. Education in Tibet
(Source: Xinhua, China Daily, Kate Saunders, UN)
The changing face of education in Tibet has been in the news lately. The Chinese government claims it has invested over a hundred million US dollars in education development in the Tibet Autonomous Region since its occupation in 1959. “The illiteracy rate of local adults,” they claim, “has dropped from 95 percent registered before the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951 to the current 37 percent, and as many as 91.8 percent of local school age children are in school currently, as against less than two percent half a century ago.”
China deserves to be applauded for these remarkable statistical accomplishments but the ideological and political nature of curricula, especially those that are imposed on “minorities” like the Tibetan people have been subjects of criticism. In a report to the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Ms. Katarina Tomasevski, the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education stated that the “key questions regarding education are qualitative rather than quantitative, revolving around what is being taught, how, and why. Although there is an affirmation that minority languages can be taught, there is no similar tolerance of religion: no religion is allowed to disrupt education and no one is allowed to make use of religion to oppose the socialist system or to undermine the unification of the country” Kate Saunders, an independent Tibet analyst, has released a brief report on these developments.
12. BP Dumps PetroChina
(Source: Financial Times, January 12 2004 )
British Petroleum (BP) is to sell its strategic holding in PetroChina after four years as the company's largest foreign investor. BP bought the 2.2% stake (approx. US$ 1.66 billion) in 2000 when the company was struggling with its initial public offering (IPO). A few months later PetroChina began construction of the Sebei-Lanzhou gas pipeline across Amdo, Tibet. In 2001, Tibet campaigners tried to convince BP to sell its stake in PetroChina asserting that PetroChina's operations in Tibet contradicted BP's operating values. A shareholder resolution ordering directors to sell the stake gained the support of over 5.2% of BP's shareholders.
BP looks set to more than double its money on the PetroChina shares and has also benefited from a deal to manage 300 petrol stations in Guangdong. PetroChina was disappointed when BP pulled out of a deal on the West-East Pipeline in 2002 and relations between the two companies have been said to be strained. BP's move could dampen PetroChina's share performance which reached record highs in the first week of 2004. BP remains committed to investment in China stating that it still plans to invest $3 billion over the next five years.
V. ANNOUNCEMENTS
1. International Day of Action for Rivers and Against Large Dams
March 14, 2004 marks the 7th annual International Day of Action Against
Dams and for Rivers, Water and Life. This year, the 60th anniversary of
the World Bank and IMF, activists around the world will celebrate a day
of action on the World Bank and large dams. The many good reasons for
a strong mobilization in 2004 include the Bank's plans to re-engage in
so-called “high risk/high reward” projects - in other words,
in large dams. We encourage you to organize actions and events on March
14. If appropriate, consider highlighting issues of the World Bank and
large dams - be it on the legacy of past dam projects, the need for reparation
and restoration, the new Bank strategy to re-engage in high-risk projects,
or the impacts of privatising the water sector. As always, groups are
welcome to choose the topics and forms of action that make sense in their
own context, and we look forward to hearing about all the great events
in 2004.
If you plan to participate in the March 14 day of action for rivers, please contact Elizabeth Brink of International Rivers Network at ebrink@irn.org. More information about past events is available at www.irn.org/dayofaction.
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