EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

Background

Methodology

I. DETENTION, TORTURE AND OTHER MALTREATMENT BY STATE ACTORS

A. The International Legal Context: Detention, Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

B. Detention

1. Detention for Political Activity
2. Detention for Attempted Flight to Nepal and India
3. Other Forms of Arbitrary Detention Encountered

C. Torture

1. Torture in Detention
2. Torture Outside of Custody
3. Sexual Abuse

D. Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment in Schools

1. Common Forms of Corporal Punishment
2. Discrimination in Mixed Primary Schools
3. Corporal Punishment and Political Activity

II. EDUCATION

A. The International Legal Context: The Right to an Education

B. Access to Education

1. School Fees
2. Demographic Disparities
3. Closure of Private and Monastic Schools
4. 4.The Role of Bribes, Bias and Connections

C. Educational Content

1. Language Medium
2. Political and Ideological Curriculum
3. Repression of Tibetan Culture, History and Religious Expression

D. Discriminatory Treatment and Harassment

III. HEALTHCARE AND NUTRITION

A. The International Legal Context: The Rights to Life, Health and Survival

B. Access to Healthcare

1. Availability and Quality of Hospitals, Clinics and Physicians
2. Healthcare Costs
3. Access to Traditional Tibetan Medicine
4. Availability of Vaccinations
5. Availability and Access to Medications

C. Common Illnesses Among Tibetan Children

D. Malnutrition and Growth Stunting

1. Availability and Adequacy of Food
2. Access to Clean Water

E. Health Education

IV. The Effects of Women's Rights Abuses on CHILDREN'S HEALTH AND EDUCATION

V. JOURNEYS INTO EXILE

A. Reasons for Traveling into Exile

B. Overview of the Journey

C. Harassment and Abuses by Authorities

D. Health Problems Resulting From the Journey

E. Psychological Effects of Exile

VI. CONCLUSION

EPILOGUE:THE ELEVENTH PANCHEN LAMA

RECOMMENDATIONS

A. To the Government of the People's Republic of China

B. To Donor Governments, Non-Governmental Organizations and International Humanitarian Institutions

C. To the Government of Nepal

D. To the United Nations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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